Updated November 27, 2023
A last will and testament or will is a legal document that records how an individual (testator) chooses to distribute property, care for children, and make special wishes after their death. It should include a personal representative (executor), which is a trusted person put in charge of making sure the estate is distributed in accordance with the will.
Table of Contents |
By State
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- Washington D.C.
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
What to Include (6)
1. Debts
How outstanding debts, like funeral expenses or any other expenditures that would be left behind by the testator would be paid.
2. Beneficiaries
The names of every individual who will be eligible to receive the estate.
3. Assets and property
A list of all valuables and to which beneficiary the assets will be given.
4. Personal representative (executor)
The testator will list a trusted person that is put in charge of paying bills, handling accounts, and distributing property among the beneficiaries. It’s usually recommended that the executor not be a beneficiary and instead be an attorney.
5. Testator’s signature
In order to be valid, the will must be signed in accordance with state law, and the testator must be of sound mind. If the testator is found to have signed under duress, the will would be considered invalid.
6. Witness signatures
Most states require two disinterested witnesses to sign the will, but check the state signing requirements.
Video
Sample
LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT
I, [NAME], resident in the City of [CITY], County of [COUNTY], State of [STATE], being of sound mind, not acting under duress or undue influence, and fully understanding the nature and extent of all my property and of this disposition thereof, do hereby make, publish, and declare this document to be my Last Will and Testament, and hereby revoke any and all other wills and codicils heretofore made by me.
1. EXPENSES & TAXES. I direct that all my debts, and expenses of my last illness, funeral, and burial, be paid as soon after my death as may be reasonably convenient, and I hereby authorize my Personal Representative to settle and discharge at their discretion any claims made against my estate.
I further direct that my Personal Representative shall pay out of my estate any and all estate and inheritance taxes payable by reason of my death in respect of all items included in the computation of such taxes, whether passing under this Will or otherwise. Said taxes shall be paid by my Personal Representative as if such taxes were my debts without recovery of any part of such tax payments from anyone who receives any item included in such computation.
2. PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE. I nominate and appoint [NAME], of [CITY], County of [COUNTY], State of [STATE] as Personal Representative of my estate and I request that (he/she) be appointed temporary Personal Representative if (he/she) applies. If my Personal Representative fails or ceases to so serve, then I nominate [NAME] of [CITY], County of [COUNTY], State of [STATE] to serve.
3. DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY. I devise and bequeath my property, both real and personal and wherever situated, as follows:
1st Beneficiary: [NAME], currently of [ADDRESS], as my [RELATION] whose last four (4) digits of their Social Security Number (SSN) are xxx-xx-[SSN] with the following property: [PROPERTY TO BE BEQUEATHED]
2nd Beneficiary: [NAME], currently of [ADDRESS], as my [RELATION] whose last four (4) digits of their Social Security Number (SSN) are xxx-xx-[SSN] with the following property: [PROPERTY TO BE BEQUEATHED]
3rd Beneficiary: [NAME], currently of [ADDRESS], as my [RELATION whose last four (4) digits of their Social Security Number (SSN) are xxx-xx-[SSN] with the following property: [PROPERTY TO BE BEQUEATHED]
If any of my beneficiaries have pre-deceased me, then any property that they would have received if they had not pre-deceased me shall be distributed in equal shares to the remaining beneficiaries.
If any of my property cannot be readily sold and distributed, it may be donated to any charitable organization(S) of my Personal Representative’s choice. If any property cannot be sold or donated, my Personal Representative may dispose of such property. I authorize my Personal Representative to pay administration expenses of my estate.
4. BOND. I direct that my executor shall not be required to give any bond or security for the performance of their duties.
5. DISCRETIONARY POWERS OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE. My Personal Representative, shall have and may exercise the following discretionary powers in addition to any common law or statutory powers without the necessity of court license or approval:
A. To retain for whatever period my Personal Representative deems advisable any property, and to invest and reinvest in any property, both real and personal.
B. To sell and to grant options to purchase all or any part of my estate, both real and personal, at any time, at public or private sale.
C. To lease any real estate for terms and conditions as my Personal Representative deems advisable.
D. To pay, compromise, settle or otherwise adjust any claims, including taxes, asserted in favor of or against me, my estate or my Personal Representative.
E. To make any separation into shares in whole or in part in kind and to allocate different kinds and disproportionate amounts of property and undivided interests in property among the shares.
F. To make such elections under the tax laws as my Personal Representative shall deem appropriate and to determine whether to make any adjustments between income and principal on account of any election so made.
G. To make any elections permitted under any pension, profit sharing, employee stock ownership or other benefit plan.
H. To employ others in connection with the administration of my estate and to pay reasonable compensation in addition to my Personal Representative’s compensation.
I. To vote any shares of stock or other securities in person or by proxy; to assert or waive any stockholder’s rights or privilege to subscribe for or otherwise acquire additional stock; to deposit securities in any voting trust or with any committee.
J. To borrow and to pledge or mortgage any property as collateral, and to make secured or unsecured loans. No individual or entity loaning property to my Personal Representative or trustee shall be held to see to the application of such property.
K. My Personal Representative shall also at his or her discretion determine the allocation of any GST exemption available to me at my death to property passing under this Will or otherwise. The determination of my Personal Representative with respect to any elections or allocation shall be binding upon all affected.
6. CONTESTING BENEFICIARY. If any beneficiary under this Will, or any trust herein mentioned, contests or attacks this Will or any of its provisions, any share or interest in my estate given to that contesting beneficiary under this Will is revoked.
7. GENDER. The term “Personal Representative” shall include “Executor” and “Administrator.” The use of a particular gender shall include any other gender, and references to the singular or the plural shall be interchangeable. All references to the Internal Revenue Code shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 or any successor Code. All references to estate taxes shall include inheritance and other death taxes.
8. ASSIGNMENT. The interest of any beneficiary in this Will, shall not be alienable, assignable, attachable, transferable nor paid by way of anticipation, nor in compliance with any order, assignment or covenant and shall not be applied to, or held liable for, any of their debts or obligations either in law or equity and shall not in any event pass to his, her, or their assignee under any instrument or under any insolvency or bankruptcy law, and shall not be subject to the interference or control of creditors, spouses or others.
9. GOVERNING LAW. This document shall be governed by the laws of the State of [STATE].
10. BINDING ARRANGEMENT. Any decision by my Personal Representative concerning any discretionary power hereunder shall be final and binding on all interested persons. Unless due to my Executor’s own willful default or gross negligence, no Executor shall be liable for said Executor’s acts or omissions or those of any co‑Executor or prior Executor.
I, the undersigned [NAME], do hereby declare that I sign and execute this instrument as my last Will, that I sign it willingly in the presence of each of the undersigned witnesses, and that I execute it as my free and voluntary act for the purposes herein expressed, on this [DAY] day of [MONTH], 20[YEAR].
____________________ _________________________
Testator Signature Testator (Printed Name)
The foregoing instrument, was on this [X] day of [MONTH], 20[X], subscribed on each page and at the end thereof by [NAME], the above-named Testator, and by (him/her) signed, sealed, published and declared to be (his/her) LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT, in the presence of us and each of us, who thereupon, at (his/her) request, in (his/her) presence, and in the presence of each other, have hereunto subscribed our names as attesting witnesses thereto.
____________________ _________________________
Witness Signature Address
____________________ _________________________
Witness Signature Address
How to Make a Will (5 steps)
- Identify Your Assets
- Appoint a Personal Representative (Executor)
- Choose Your Beneficiaries
- Sign
- Store the Will
4. Sign
Under most states, a will can be signed with two disinterested witnesses (except Colorado and Louisiana, which require a notary public). However, it is highly recommended to have notarized as a last will and testament can be contested for any reason by disgruntled family members that were left out.
How to Sign a Will
Use the state laws below to find out the requirements to sign. If two witnesses are required to sign, they must be disinterested individuals, which means they cannot benefit in any way from the last will.
State | Signing Requirements |
Alabama | § 43-8-131 Two Witnesses |
Alaska | AS 13.12.502 Two Witnesses |
Arizona | § 14-2502 Two Witnesses |
Arkansas | § 28-25-102 Two Witnesses |
California | 6110 Two Witnesses |
Colorado | § 15-11-502 Two Witnesses or Notary Public |
Connecticut | Section 45a-251 Two Witnesses |
Delaware | DE Title 12, Chapter 2 § 201 & 202 Two Witnesses |
Florida | FL Section 732.502 Two Witnesses |
Georgia | GA Section 53-4-20 Two Witnesses |
Hawaii | HI Section 560:2-502 Two Witnesses |
Idaho | ID Section 15-2-502 Two Witnesses |
Illinois | Section 755 ILCS 5/4-3 Two Witnesses |
Indiana | IC 29-1-5-3 Two Witnesses |
Iowa | Section 633.279 Two Witnesses |
Kansas | Section 59-606 Two Witnesses |
Kentucky | Section 394.040 Two Witnesses |
Louisiana | Art. 1577 Two Witnesses and a Notary Public |
Maine | Section 2-503 Two Witnesses |
Maryland | Section 4-102 Two Witnesses |
Massachusetts | Section 2-502 Two Witnesses |
Michigan | Section 700-2502 Two Witnesses |
Minnesota | Section 524.2-502 Two Witnesses |
Mississippi | Section 91-5-1 Two Witnesses |
Missouri | Section 474.320 Two Witnesses |
Montana | Section 72-2-522 Two Witnesses |
Nebraska | Section 30-2327 Two Witnesses |
Nevada | NRS 133.040 Two Witnesses |
New Hampshire | Chapter 551 Two Witnesses |
New Jersey | Section 3B:3-2 Two Witnesses |
New Mexico | Section 45-2-502 Two Witnesses |
New York | Section 3-1.1 Two Witnesses |
North Carolina | G.S. 31-3.3 Two Witnesses |
North Dakota | 30.1-08-02. (2-502) Two Witnesses |
Ohio | ORC 2107.03 Two Witnesses |
Oklahoma | 84 OK Stat § 84-55 Two Witnesses |
Oregon | ORS 112.235 Two Witnesses |
Pennsylvania | Title 20 § 2502 Two Witnesses |
Rhode Island | Section 33-5-5 Two Witnesses |
South Carolina | Section 62-2-502 Two Witnesses |
South Dakota | Section 29A-2-502 Two Witnesses |
Tennessee | Section 32-1-104 Two Witnesses |
Texas | Sec. 251.051 Two Witnesses |
Utah | 75-2-502 Two Witnesses |
Vermont | 14 V.S.A. § 5 Two Witnesses |
Virginia | § 64.2-403 Two Witnesses |
Washington | CW 11.12.020 Two Witnesses |
Washington D.C. | § 18-103 Two Witnesses |
West Virginia | Section 41-1-3 Two Witnesses |
Wisconsin | Section 853.03 Two Witnesses |
Wyoming | Section 2-6-112 Two Witnesses |
Frequently Asked Questions (9)
Is it necessary to have a will?
No, but when a person dies without a last will and testament, they leave their assets in the hands of the court system. Because of this, disputes and confusion can easily arise between family members. Every adult benefits from having a will, especially those that have assets of value.
Who can be a Witness?
A valid witness is an adult not related to the testator by blood or marriage and is not a beneficiary in their estate plan.
What if I already made a Will?
The latest version of a will is used in the probate process. The probate process commonly begins 30 days after a person’s death and allows any party to bring forward estate documents to the probate court.
Which state governs my will?
Where the testator resides is the state that governs the will, but for those that live in multiple states, the presiding state would be considered the one in which the testator pays personal income tax.
Which types of personal property can I include?
Personal property is any type of possession with value that does not include cash. Personal property includes vehicles, jewelry, collectibles, furniture, etc. A testator may choose to give all of their personal property to one person or proportionately allocate personal property to multiple beneficiaries.
What happens if a beneficiary dies?
If the primary beneficiary dies before the testator, that deceased beneficiary can be removed from the will. If a second recipient/beneficiary is listed, the property will be distributed to them. In some states that use the Uniform Probate Code, a beneficiary must survive for at least five days following a testator’s death to inherit property.
If there is no alternate beneficiary to inherit the estate upon death, the will would then be subject to the governing state’s “Anti-Lapse” Laws.
Can I appoint someone to take care of my pets?
Yes. In your will, you can select a person to be the caretaker (guardian) of your pets upon your passing.
How do I amend a will?
The testator can amend a will with a codicil to a will (or simply a “codicil”). Wills can be amended for any reason, such as changing the executor, personal representative, beneficiary(ies), or any other facet of the estate transfer. The codicil is required to be attached to the will and signed under state law.
Intestate (No Will After Death) – What Happens?
Dying intestate means that an individual passed away without a will. In this case, the court would determine how assets are handled and who is awarded real and personal property. Court decisions can take many months and must be agreed to by the family members (heirs).
If no will was recorded by the deceased individual, and the estate is valued under a certain amount (governed by state limits), the property may be distributed through a small estate affidavit.
Estate Planning Checklist
Use this checklist as a guide to ensure an individual’s estate is complete to the fullest extent by law, which includes incorporating end-of-life decisions. Power of attorney forms, for example, allows individuals to choose a representative to make financial and medical decisions on their behalf if they cannot do it themselves.
In addition, a living will allows a person to make decisions about their medical treatment requests that precede a potential incapacitating event, like donating organs in the event of death, receiving pain medication, or accepting or rejecting resuscitation measures.